What is the pathophysiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia?

What is the pathophysiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia?

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) results from the invasion of the lower respiratory tract and lung parenchyma by microorganisms. Intubation compromises the integrity of the oropharynx and trachea and allows oral and gastric secretions to enter the lower airways.

What is ventilator-associated pneumonia?

Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a lung infection that develops in a person who is on a ventilator. A ventilator is a machine that is used to help a patient breathe by giving oxygen through a tube placed in a patient’s mouth or nose, or through a hole in the front of the neck.

What is ventilator-associated pneumonia PDF?

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically unwell patients within the intensive care unit (ICU) who undergo invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) via an endotracheal tube (ETT) or tracheostomy.

What causes ventilator acquired pneumonia?

The most common cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia is microaspiration of bacteria that colonize the oropharynx and upper airways in seriously ill patients.

What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?

Abstract. The development of pneumonia requires that a pathogen reach the alveoli and that the host defenses are overwhelmed by microorganism virulence or by the inoculum size. The endogenous sources of microorganisms are nasal carriers, sinusitis, oropharynx, gastric, or tracheal colonization, and hematogenous spread.

What is the best indicator of ventilator-associated pneumonia?

Clinical Diagnosis Ventilator-associated pneumonia is usually suspected when the individual develops a new or progressive infiltrate on chest radiograph, leukocytosis, and purulent tracheobronchial secretions.

What are the signs and symptoms of VAP?

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) occurs in patients that have been on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. It presents with clinical signs that include purulent tracheal discharge, fevers, and respiratory distress in the presence of microorganisms.

What is ventilator-associated pneumonia and why is it important?

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in a critically ill patient significantly increases risk of mortality and, at a minimum, increases ventilator time, length of stay, and cost of care. It is a complex condition not only to diagnose but also to treat, thus prevention is extremely important.

How do you treat VAP?

A Week of Antibiotic Therapy Is Sufficient SAY: Generally, a week of antibiotic therapy is sufficient for the treatment of VAP. In a double-blind clinical trial conducted in 51 French intensive care units or ICUs that included 401 patients with VAP, patients were randomized to 8 or 15 days of antibiotic therapy.

What are the four pathological stages of pneumonia?

Stage 1: Congestion. Stage 2: Red hepatization. Stage 3: Grey hepatization. Stage 4: Resolution.

How is VAP treated?

Generally, a week of antibiotic therapy is sufficient for the treatment of VAP. In a double-blind clinical trial conducted in 51 French intensive care units or ICUs that included 401 patients with VAP, patients were randomized to 8 or 15 days of antibiotic therapy.