How is serine phosphorylated?
How is serine phosphorylated?
Enzyme-catalyzed proton transfer from the (–OH) group on serine stimulates the nucleophilic attack of the γ-phosphate group on ATP, resulting in transfer of the phosphate group to serine to form phosphoserine and ADP.
How does phosphorylation affect gene expression?
In addition to recruitment of histone demethylase(s), histone phosphorylation is thought to facilitate gene expression by structural relaxation of chromatin via neutralization of positive charge on histone proteins, reducing their affinity for DNA and generating a DNA structure permissive for transcription.
What happens when transcription factors are phosphorylated?
Ser133 phosphorylation promotes transcription by recruitment of the co-activator CREB-binding protein (CBP). CBP, in turn, mediates transcriptional activation through its association with RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complexes and through intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity.
How many potential phosphorylation sites are on serine?
Approximately there are 13,000 phosphorylated sites in human proteins1. Various studies indicate that residues of phospho-serine (S), phospho-threonine (T), and phospho-tyrosine (Y) involve signaling transduction and functional control, as indicated by various studies2,3,4,5,6.
How does phosphorylation occur?
Usually, phosphorylation occurs when DNA is damaged, opening up space around broken DNA so that repair mechanisms can do their work. In addition to its importance in DNA repair, protein phosphorylation plays a key role in metabolism and signaling pathways.
What happens when DNA is phosphorylated?
Phosphorylation of DNA repair proteins generally results in activation of the proteins to facilitate DNA repair. The mechanism of reversible phosphorylation in proteins is an important regulatory mechanism for DNA repair pathways.
What happens in phosphorylation?
Phosphorylation is the process through which a phosphate group is transferred from one molecule to a protein, usually within a biological system. A protein being phosphorylated is like drinking a Red Bull before a workout – it prepares a molecule for some specialized task.
Does phosphorylation activate transcription factors?
A number of transcription factors are known to stimulate DNA replication, including p53, c-Myc, AP-1, Oct-1, T-antigen; the DNA binding activities of all these proteins and their interaction with other transcription factors are controlled by phosphorylation.
Does phosphorylation inhibit transcription?
A common way to control gene expression is by controlling the post-translational phosphorylation of transcription factors by ATP. This modification might activate or inhibit the transcription factor in turning on gene expression.
How does phosphorylation by kinases control protein activity?
Protein kinases (PTKs) are enzymes that regulate the biological activity of proteins by phosphorylation of specific amino acids with ATP as the source of phosphate, thereby inducing a conformational change from an inactive to an active form of the protein.
What enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation?
kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation, where the high-energy ATP molecule donates a phosphate group to the substrate molecule.